Superinsulation with Nanopores

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to the field of thermal insulation. In particular, the invention describes superinsulation articles having a desired porosity, reduced pore size and cost-effective methods for manufacturing such articles. In one aspect of the present invention, the article may comprise a material system with at least about 20% porosity. In a further aspect of the invention, an article may comprise greater than about 25% of nanopores having a pore size no greater than about 1500 nanometers in its shortest axis.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 12/736,709, filed Jan.6, 2011, which is the National Phase of International Application No.PCT/US2009/002693, filed May 1, 2009, and which further claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/071,511, filed May 2,2008. The foregoing related applications, in their entirety, areincorporated herein by reference.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of thermal insulation. Inparticular, the invention describes superinsulation articles having adesired porosity, reduced pore size and cost-effective methods formanufacturing such articles. In one aspect of the present invention, thearticle may comprise a material system with at least about 20% porosity.In a further aspect of the invention, an article may comprise greaterthan about 25% of nanopores having a pore size no greater than about1500 nanometers in its shortest axis.

The articles of the present invention may be used for a variety of soundand/or thermal insulation applications including building insulation,refrigeration insulation, industrial insulation, and HVAC insulationproducts. The articles may also be used for specialty insulationproducts including space vehicles, space stations, aviation, andsuperconducting devices and equipment. Finally, the articles of thepresent invention may be used as a foam product for structural support,cushioning, protection, packaging, sports, entertainment, soundinsulating, medical devices, and decoration.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The first generation of thermal insulation included materials withnaturally low densities such as cotton, wool, cork and asbestos. Sinceentrapped air (with thermal conductivity as low as 23 mW/M·° K) was theprimary insulator, a lower density (more air) corresponded to a higherinsulation value (i.e. lower thermal conductivity). Thesecond-generation insulations were industrially processed, poroussubstrates containing even more air (lower density and more insulating).These insulations included fiberglass, rubber and plastic foams, andother man-made porous substrates. The scheme used by the secondgeneration, lowering the thermal conductivity (K value) by reducingdensity, finally reached its bound (˜30 mW/M·° K)¹ when such practicesbegan compromising insulation strength and performances, attributed totoo much air as well as excessive radiation heat loss. The thirdgeneration has evolved with the emergence of nanotechnology. Modelingresults demonstrated that if the pore size of insulation could bereduced to below mean free path² of air, i.e. <100 nm, the insulationvalue can be substantially increased by reducing the low thermalconductivity of entrapped air even lower. ¹Some insulation materials onmarket have thermal K lower than this value due to the addition ofheavier gases such as HCFC and CFC. They are not considered as a newgeneration of insulation because their thermal K will rise to the 2^(nd)generation limit value after the heavier gases diffusing out of thesubstrate over certain use time.²Mean free path: the average distancetraveled by a molecule between two consecutive collisions.

Between 1992 and 1995, we demonstrated this feasibility while working atArmstrong World Industries on a $4.5 million project awarded by theAdvanced Technology Program³. By reducing the pore size to nanometerscales, we successfully made several nanopore composites with superinsulation properties. The following table listed data of previoussamples in comparison with a second generation insulation, fiberglass:

Insulation Material Thermal K (mW/M · ° K) R/inch* Fiber Glass 45 3.2Granular Silica Aerogel 23 6.3 Aerogel with Layered Silicates 16 9Panels Inverse-Emulsion Composite 20 7.2 Panels Aerogel-PolymerMicrocomposites 17 8.7 Inorganic-Organic Composite 13 10.5 Aerogel*R-per-inch is a commonly used measure of insulation value. It isequivalent to the reciprocal of the thermal conductivity in unit of Btu· in/hr · ft² · ° F. The energy code is given by R-value, i.e.R-per-inch times thickness.

These new materials failed to reach markets because of their highprocessing costs. This class of material is a super insulation due to acombination of high porosity and nanometer-size pores. These specialstructural attributes are also causing its processing difficulties. Thehigh porosity material is mechanically weak. When drying under ambientconditions, capillary stress from the liquid meniscus in the poreshrinks the material and results in significant structural damages. Forpores of nanometer size, this stress can be in the range of a hundredbars (˜1500 pounds per square inch); the smaller the pore, the higherthe stress. The shrinkage due to high stress reduced the porosity andthe number of nanometer pores in the material structure; resulting insubstantial loss of its super insulation value after ambient processing.

One solution to this problem was to dry the wet gel under supercriticalconditions of a fluid (most conveniently, by using supercritical CO₂fluid). This had allowed the liquid system to bypass the coexisting(infinitely compressible) region and avoid generating any meniscuswithin the pores. This processing requirement, drying the material undera supercritical condition, instead of ambient condition, was the reasonfor the high capital and processing costs associated with the productionof nanopore insulation. The following table provides direct comparisonsof making insulation by solution process to that by gas foaming process,which is the most widely process used for making the second generationof insulation. ³“Thermal Insulation Materials-Morphology Control andProcess for the Next Generation of Performance,” ATP award to ArmstrongWorld Industries, Inc. (1992).

Direct Gas Foaming Process Gelation and Drying (Gas BlownCharacteristics (Aerogel, Hydrogel) Polymer Foams) a. Porosity isCreated by: Liquid solvent Gas Bubbles b. Fluid Weight % Needed 2000%5~10% for Creating 95% Porosity c. Processing Speed Fluid diffusion, Gasblown, depending on instantaneous sample thickness (δ), ∝δ², slow d.Pore Size Control 10 nm, needs special 100-500μ, very processing caredifficult to to preserve control the nanopores e. Thermal Conductivity20 mW/M ° K 30-35 mW/M ° K

If we can replace the solution drying process and make nanoporeinsulation by foaming, the cost reductions will be well beyond thoseneeded to make the technology commercially viable. Recently, we hadsuccessfully developed the technology of producing low-density (density˜0.03 g/cc) Styrofoam insulation by foaming with 100% CO₂. Byintegrating the two technologies together, we could design a system thatutilizes supercritical CO₂ to first create and preserve nanometer gasembryos (by a nucleation process), and, then to expand gas bubbles (by afoaming process) for making low-density insulation. Such a system couldproduce high-porosity foams with extremely small pore sizes. Thechallenge, of course, remained as how to effectively control thebubbles' size during the rapid foaming process.

A foaming process consisted of rapid generation of numerous gas bubblenuclei, followed by their fast growth during the foam's expansion. Wecould envision two approaches to control the pore size during such arapid bubbling process. First, we plan to induce the homogeneousnucleation process (already demonstrated by pressure vessel experiments)in a foam extrusion process to generate extremely small gas embryos,followed by controlling the bubbles' growth. Or, we can use a reactivesystem, such as the polymerization of styrene or urethane, which secreteout volatile solvent, or co-solvent, during its polymerization anddepressurization, to create a spinodal decomposition, followed bycontrolled expansion of the entrapped volatile fluid phase. Bothprocesses required a low initial interfacial tension, as well as acontrolling mechanism to slow down the bubble growths. Either process,if successful in generating fine pores and high porosity, would lead toa breakthrough in producing nanopore insulation because of thetremendous cost savings attributed to the rapid depressurization ofsupercritical CO₂ (or similar volatile fluids). Obviously, such abreakthrough process would be difficult, because it would require ordersof magnitude improvement in pore size controls (from ˜100 microns to 0.1micron) comparing to prior foaming arts.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows spheroids aligned in-series (left), or in-parallel with theapplication direction. Left example (in-series) has a higher insulationvalue than that of right example.

FIG. 2 shows the SEM pictures of the cell structure along two differentdirections. Through pressurized vessel experiments, foams withanisotropical pore structure have been produced.

FIG. 3 shows the batch depressurization process to create prolate porestructure.

FIG. 4 shows the batch depressurization process to create oblate porestructure.

FIG. 5 shows the use of exfoliated clay platelet molecules to facilitategas nucleation and asymmetrical expansion, leading to oblate porestructure.

FIG. 6 shows the alignment of exfoliated clays in foam extrusionrestricts bubble growth normal to machine direction.

FIG. 7 shows a pair of SEM pictures depicting secondary aerogel fractalstructures with two kinds of pores, micron size and nanometer size.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of thermal insulation. Inparticular, the invention describes superinsulation articles having adesired porosity, reduced pore size and cost-effective methods formanufacturing such articles. In one aspect of the present invention, thearticle may comprise a material system with at least about 20% porosity,for example, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, preferably at least about 90%porosity, for example, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, and 99%. In a further aspectof the invention, an article may comprise greater than about 25%, 50%,75%, and 90% of nanopores having a pore size no greater than about 1500nanometers, for example, 1250 nanometers, 1000 nanometers, preferably nogreater than about 900 nanometers, 800 nanometers, 750, nanometers, 700nanometers, 650 nanometers, 600 nanometers, and 550 nanometers, in itsshortest axis.

The articles of the present invention, in addition to porosity and areduced pore size, may also comprise asymmetrical nanopores. In oneaspect of the present invention, the articles may comprise greater thanabout 10% asymmetrical pores, for example, 25%, 40%, and 50%, preferablygreater than about 75%, 80%, 90%, and 95%. One aspect of the presentinvention is an article comprising greater than about 25%, for example,35%, 50%, preferably greater than about 75%, for example, 80%, 85%, 90%,and 95% oblate or substantially oblate nanopores. Another aspect of thepresent invention is an article comprising greater than about 25%, forexample, 35%, 50%, preferably greater than about 75%, for example, 80%,85%, 90%, and 95% prolate or substantially prolate nanopores. Yet,another aspect of the present invention may be an article comprisingnanopores having an asymmetry unlike oblate or prolate but maintaining acontrolled pore dimension in a preferred application directions (e.g,the thermal gradient direction). Furthermore, an article of the presentinvention may comprise a combination of oblate or substantially oblate,prolate or substantially prolate, and other asymmetrical nanopores.

The articles of the present invention may also comprise nanoporesoriented in a preferred direction. In one aspect of the presentinvention, one or more nanopores are oriented normal to the applicationdirection (i.e. when reference is made herein the orientation of thenanopore is referring to the longest axis of the pore. Therefore, thelongest axis of the pore, and the pore orientation, is normal to theapplication direction. Conversely, the shortest axis is aligned with theapplication direction.) or substantially normal to the applicationdirection. In another aspect of the present invention, one or morenanopores are oriented normal to the thermal gradient direction orsubstantially oriented normal to the thermal gradient direction. Inanother aspect of the present invention, one or more nanopores areoriented along the machine direction (i.e. the shortest axis normal tothe machine direction) or substantially along the machine direction.Yet, in one aspect of the present invention, an article may comprisegreater than about 25%, for example, 35%, 45%, 55%, preferably greaterthan 75%, for example 80%, 85%, 90%, and 95%, of nanopores orientednormal to the thermal gradient direction or substantially orientednormal to the thermal gradient direction.

The articles of the present invention may also comprise a secondarynanostructure. Furthermore, the articles of the present invention maycomprise a tertiary and/or quaternary nanostructure. In one aspect ofthe present invention, an article may comprise greater than about 25%,for example, 35%, 45% and 50%, preferably greater than about 75%, 80%,85%, 90%, and 95%, of nanopores with secondary, tertiary and/orquaternary structure. One aspect of the present invention is an articlecomprising a secondary nanostructure comprising a surfactant oralternatively any known surface-tension lowering agents or functionallyequivalent thereof. A further aspect of the present invention may be anarticle comprising greater than about 25%, for example, 35%, 45%, and50%, preferably greater than about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, and 95%, ofnanopores with a surfactant or known equivalent thereof. Another aspectof the present invention may be a secondary nanostructure comprising anintertwining fractal structure or alternatively a substantiallyintertwining fractal structure. A further aspect of the presentinvention may be an article comprising greater than about 25%, forexample, 35%, 45%, and 50%, preferably greater than about 75%, 80%, 85%,90%, and 95%, of nanopores with an intertwining fractal structure and/orsubstantially intertwining fractal structure. Yet, another aspect of thepresent invention may be an article comprising greater than 5%, forexample, 10%, 20%, 50%, nanopores having one or more secondary,tertiary, and/or quaternary structures.

Furthermore, the articles of the present invention may have a thermalinsulation value greater than about 6 R/inch, for example 6.5 R/inch,and 7 R/inch, preferably greater than about 7.5 R/inch, for example8R/inch, 8.5 R/inch, 9 R/inch, 9.5 R/inch, and 10 R/inch. In anotheraspect of this invention, the articles of the present invention may havea thermal conductivity value less than about 30 mW/M° K, for example 25mW/M° K, and 23 mW/M° K, preferably less than about 22 mW/M° K, forexample 21 mW/M° K, 20 mW/M° K, and 15 mW/M° K.

The articles of the present invention may be manufactured by creating orgenerating or substantially creating or generating one or more gasembryos. In one aspect of the present invention, the gas embryos or theknown equivalent thereof are created by homogenous nucleation or anyother known means of nucleation without preferential nucleation sites.In one aspect of the present invention, an article comprises greaterthan about 25%, for example, 35%, 50%, preferably greater than about75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, and 95%, of gas embryos created or generated by suchmeans or the equivalent thereof. In another aspect of the presentinvention, the gas embryos are created or generated by spinodaldecomposition or any known means creating a phase separation throughoutthe material and not just at the nucleation sites. In one aspect of thepresent invention, an article comprises greater than about 25%, forexample, 35%, 50%, preferably greater than about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, and95%, of gas embryos created or generated by spinodal decomposition orthe equivalent means thereof. Yet, in another aspect of the presentinvention, a combination of such methods for creating or generating gasembryos may be used.

In a further aspect of the present invention, an article may compriseone or more gas embryos having a size not greater than about 1000nanometers, for example, 900 nanometers, 800 nanometers, 700 nanometers,600 nanometers, 550 nanometers, preferably not greater than 500nanometers, for example, 450 nanometers, 400 nanometers, 350 nanometers,300 nanometers, 250 nanometers, 200 nanometers, 150 nanometers, 100nanometers, and 50 nanometers.

In another aspect of the present invention, the gas embryos may beexpanded by or substantially expanded by using a foaming process,including any known equivalents means thereof. In one aspect of thepresent invention, an article comprises greater than about 25%, forexample, 35%, 50%, preferably greater than about 75%, for example 80%,85%, 90%, and 95%, of gas embryos expanded by, or substantially expandedby, batch foaming. In another aspect of the present invention, the gasembryos are expanded by or substantially expanded by a continuous foamextrusion process or an equivalent means thereof. In one aspect of thepresent invention, an article comprises greater than about 25%, forexample, 35%, 50%, preferably greater than about 75%, for example 80%,85%, 90%, and 95%, of gas embryos expanded by, or substantially expandedby, a continuous foam extrusion process. Yet, in another aspect of thepresent invention, the gas embryos are expanded by, or substantiallyexpanded by, a combination of such means.

In yet a further aspect of the present invention, the pore size ofgreater than about 25%, for example, 35%, 50%, preferably greater thanabout 75%, for example, 80%, 85%, 90%, and 95% gas embryos is controlledby, or substantially controlled by, one or more restriction methods orequivalent restriction means thereof, including any known sizecontrolling methods, affecting one or more of pore morphology, poreorientation, and/or secondary nanostructure aspects of the nanopores. Ina further aspect of the present invention, the embedded inert gas may beexchanged by air over time. In one aspect of the present invention,greater than 5% of the inert gas, for example, 10%, 25%, and 40%,preferably greater than 50%, for example, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 95%,may be exchanged by air over time. In another aspect of the presentinvention, embedded inert gas may be exchanged by air over time, such asgreater than 10 days, for example 20 days, 30 days, and 45 days,preferably greater than 60 days, for example, 90 days, 120 days, 180days, and 360 days. Accordingly, inert gas may include a mixture of theblowing gas (e.g., CO₂) and air, for example, at about 10:90, about50:50, and about 90:10, percent blowing gas to percent air. Furthermore,inert gas may also include 100 percent blowing gas or 100 percent air.

The third generation of thermal insulation is defined as the insulationmaterial composed of air pockets with composition and morphologyspecially designed to lower the embedded air's thermal conductivitybelow its ordinary value (i.e. <23 mW/M·° K), resulting in a superinsulation of insulation value higher than at least R-7/inch. Prior arts(selected examples shown by above table) demonstrated the feasibility ofmaking insulation with conductivity lower than 23 mW/M·° K when poresizes were reduced to below the mean free path of air (<100 nm).However, relying completely on pore size reduction to make a superinsulation has experienced the tremendous processing challenges whenusing a supercritical drying process. The inventions disclosed here takea different approach geared towards the cost-effective manufacturing ofthe third generation of thermal insulation. This new invention containsthe following four important components, which collectively couldrealize the cost-effective production of the third generation ofinsulation with thermal conductivity much lower than the secondgeneration products:

-   -   (a) Generating homogeneously smaller gas embryos or domains by a        homogeneous nucleation, or spinodal decomposition process, using        CO₂ entrapped as either a blowing agent or a co-solvent within a        polymer system,    -   (b) Growing asymmetrical (oblate or prolate) pore morphology,    -   (c) Orienting asymmetrical (oblate or prolate) pores in a        preferred direction,    -   (d) Creating the secondary nanopore structure within air pores.

Prior nanopore structures of super insulation were accomplished by asolution supercritical drying process, which was extremely slow as wellas capital intensive. The first innovation in this invention is to usethe expansion power of a high-pressure gas embedded in the form ofeither a solute, or a co-solvent, to create the high porosity requiredby a super thermal insulation. Furthermore, the gas embryos or domainsare created by a homogeneous nucleation, or spinodal decomposition,process in an effort to control the bubbles' growth from their initialbirths. Previously, gas bubble generation within such a system wentthrough a heterogeneous nucleation process where the initial nucleiprovided by the nucleating agents were already much larger than microns.As a result, the pore sizes in prior foams blown using heterogeneousnucleation were already substantially larger than the 100 nanometerrequired by super insulation.

Early models revealed that the gas thermal conductivity would not bereduced significantly unless the pore size was reduced below a thresholdvalue between 1 and 0.1 micron. The simultaneous requirements of a highporosity (over 95%) and extremely small pore sizes were the main reasonsthat no foaming processes were successful in producing such a superinsulation. After all, the task of increasing thermal insulation valueof foams two and a half times higher, from the current R-4/inch toR-7˜10/inch is extremely ambitious and, thus, inherently difficult.

The present invention incorporates three additional innovations (b, c,and d listed above) in addition to pore size reduction which are allcapable of further increasing the insulation value of a poroussubstrate. These three options could each individually be utilized toimprove insulation value of a current foam product. Collectively, theycould be engineered, along with using pore size reduction, to accomplishthe required technology jump to that of a super insulation throughincremental technology improvements.

One unique aspect of the invention is the recognition and the design toutilize the directional characteristics of a transport property such asthe thermal conductivity. For a composite of polymer and air pores, thespatial geometry and orientation of the pores could be utilized toimprove the insulation value along the heat flow direction (i.e. thedirection of the temperature gradient, or, the application direction).Analogous to the spatial arrangements of resistor-in-parallel (highestconductivity), and resistor-in-series (lowest conductivity), we canutilize the orientations of spheroid pores in parallel (long axis inparallel to the heat flow direction), or, in series (long axis normal tothe heat flow direction) to optimize insulation value. Theory indicatedthat the increase of heat resistance in one direction (applicationdirection) would be at the expenses of the resistances of the two otherdirections, which are irrelevant to insulation performances. As shown inFIG. 1, we have specific modeling calculations to corroborate andestimate these geometry and orientation effects.

The ability of using pore geometry and orientation to further complementthe effect by pore size reduction provided substantial leverages ofmaking a super thermal insulation. First of all, the difficult task ofpore size reduction (to below the mean free path of air) could belimited to just one direction (the application direction), instead ofall three directions. In other words, for spheroids oriented in serieswith the application direction, only their shortest axes need to becontrolled below the threshold value. Relaxations of size controls inthe other two irrelevant directions allow a much larger volume for eachpore, and therefore, much less pore density be created by foaming.Secondly, the effects of geometry and orientation could help reducethermal conductivity on top of what already achievable by pore sizereduction. Moreover, unlike pore size reduction, the aspect ratio ofspheroids has no threshold value to pass. The effects of orientationappear once the shape is asymmetrical, and increase with increasingaspect ratios; resulting the possible stepwise increases of, inconjunction to effect of pore size reduction, thermal insulation valuefrom current standard to that of a new generation.

The third generation of thermal insulation material comprising and madefrom any, or a combination of, the following features:

-   -   (a) generating homogeneously smaller gas embryos or domains by a        homogeneous nucleation or spinodal decomposition process, using        primarily CO₂, or a similar inert gas, entrapped as either a        blowing agent or a co-solvent in a polymer system,    -   (b) growing asymmetrical (oblate or prolate) pore morphology,    -   (c) orienting asymmetrical (oblate or prolate) pores with their        short axis along the insulation application (i.e. the        temperature gradient) direction,    -   (d) creating the secondary nanopore structure within air pores,        which are to be formed by, but not limited to, the surfactant        structure incorporated at the pore surface, or an intertwining        fractal structure within each pore.

The material system of the third generation of thermal insulation iscomposed of a polymer, or a blend of polymers, foamed by embedded CO₂,or other inert gases, or their mixtures utilizing a homogeneousnucleation process.

The material system of the third generation of thermal insulation iscomposed of reactive oligomers such as, but not limited to, styrene andurethane, of which the polymerization reaction is utilized to secrete orgenerate volatile liquid phase such as, but not limited to CO₂, by aspinodal decomposition process for the subsequent expansion thorough thefluid evaporation. The volatile fluids of the system are embedded inunder a high pressure, entrapped by the polymer(s) by supercooling, orduring polymerization, and later released through an triggered foamingprocess to produce the insulation on demand and on location.

In the third generation of thermal insulation, one or all of the aboveattributes (a), (b) and (c) are created through a batch depressurizationprocess designed based on principles of restricting expansion in onedirection (the application direction) outlined in Examples 1 and 2 andFIGS. 3 and 4 of this invention.

In the third generation of thermal insulation, one or all of theattributes (a), (b) and (c) are created through a foam extrusion processwith a die designed based on principles of restricting expansion in onedirection (the application direction) outlined by Example 4 (FIG. 6) ofthis invention.

The production of the third generation of thermal insulation by thesemethods use both platelet molecules of the exfoliated clay to restrictexpansion in the application direction (see Example 3 and FIG. 5), andplatelet molecules of chemically modified and exfoliated clay toincrease the solubility and the nucleation of the blowing gases (CO₂ orother inert gas).

The composition of the third generation of thermal insulation containsexfoliated clays as a major component (i.e. weight % equal to or greaterthan 5%).

The third generation of thermal insulation is comprised of apolymer-clay composite by the batch depressurization method previouslydescribed above.

A third generation of thermal insulation is made of a polymer-claycomposite by the foam extrusion method previously described above.

The method of producing a third generation of thermal insulationincludes the step of where the foam curing (i.e. stabilization) isaccomplished by glass transition (such as demonstrated by polystyrene),crystallization (such as demonstrated by Polyethylene), cross-linking(such as demonstrated by rubbers), or polymerization (such asdemonstrated by polyurethane).

A method of producing a third generation of thermal insulation whichutilizes a composition including one or more of the components describedherein, which is prepared by mixing under pressure in an extruder or areactor, injected into a mold, followed by the batch depressurizationmethod.

A method of producing a third generation of thermal insulation whichutilizes a composition including one or more of the components describedherein, which is prepared by mixing under pressure in an extruder or areactor, stabilized by cooling below glass transition temperature of thepolymer (to expandable polymer beads), and then injected into a mold,followed by a heat-triggered depressurization method.

The third generation of thermal insulation with the composition,structure and processing described herein which is utilized as buildinginsulation products, refrigerator insulation products, HVAC (Heating,Ventilating and Air-conditioning) and refrigeration insulation products,industrial insulation products, and/or specialty insulation products,such as, but not limited to, aviation, space vehicles and stations,superconducting devices and equipment.

A porous product with the composition, structure and processingdescribed herein, but with less porosity (porosity between 20-90%), mayalso be used as a foam product for, but not limited to, structuralsupport, cushioning, protection, packaging, sports, entertainment, soundinsulating, medical devices, and decoration.

EXAMPLES

One key step to produce finer-cell, high-porosity foams is to initiategas blowing from a high pressure-drop. The larger the pressures drop,(i.e. deeper super saturation), the easier the induction of homogeneousnucleation. The challenge of foaming from a high pressure-drop is tocontrol the bubble growth after nucleation. The melt temperature,molecular weight, viscoelasticity must be fine tuned for a successfulfoaming of low-density insulation. We can first simulate such a foamingprocess in a pressurized vessel and obtain necessary data of materialand processing for future extrusion productions. These batch experimentsalso help demonstrate the working principles and the feasibility ofmaking a super thermal insulation. They can also be scaled up for batchproductions of insulation foam.

Example 1 Oriented Prolate Pores Reducing the Thermal K by 10-15%

Through pressurized vessel experiments, foams with anisotropical porestructure have been produced. FIG. 2 shows the SEM pictures of the cellstructure along two different directions.

The particular sample shown in FIG. 2 was produced in a pressurizedvessel with a sudden release of pressure by opening a valve at the topof the vessel. This setup, as shown in FIG. 3, provided a favorabledirection of foam expansion (towards the top of the vessel), therebycreating anisotropic expansion ratios of the foam (higher expansionratio to the top than to the sides). The difference in expansion ratiosled to prolate (needle-like) cell structure shown by the TEM picturesabove. The sample density was 0.023 gram/cc. Thermal conductivitiesmeasured along two directions (long polar axis and the short equatoraxes) were 37 and 33 mW/M·° K, respectively. The 12% reduction inthermal conductivity agreed well with our modeling results for theprolate geometry.

For a blowing and extrusion process, pore morphology control might beeasier to achieve than the nanopore feature. The improvement in thermalresistance may be short of the dramatic increase achievable bynanopores, but still significant for gaining ground in the market placeand contributing towards the goal of making super insulation.

Example 2 Oriented Oblate Pores Reducing the Thermal K by 30%

Our modeling results indicated a more significant improvement ininsulation for the oblate geometry (short polar axis and long equatoraxes, i.e. disk-like) cell structure aligned normal to the heat flowdirection. The thermal conductivity of a similar density to the aboveprolate example could be reduced down to 24 mW/M·° K, which would beeven lower than the thermal K of current foam containing low thermal Kgas such as HCFC. Such (oblate) cell structure could be created by abatch foaming process with restriction of expansion in the polardirection and free expansion in equator's directions as shown in FIG. 4.

Example 3 Using Exfoliated Clay to Facilitate Asymmetrical PoreFormations

While these two innovations lowered the risks of making large number ofnanopores by a foaming process, the technical burden is shifted to thecontrol of pores' geometry as well as their orientation during foaming.This invention includes specific material nanotechnology to facilitatethe growth and orientation of spheroid pores. One method is the use of apolymer-clay composite with exfoliated clay layers as template for gasbubble formation. Clay molecules, after full exfoliation, have plateletstructure with aspect ratio above 1000. By modifying the surface of aclay platelet, homogeneous nucleation can be enhanced within thegalleries of neighboring platelet molecules and increases the formationof oblate pores as shown in FIG. 5. These highly anisotropic platemolecules (aspect ratio from 40 up to 1000) will be oriented undervolume exclusion effect, or by the shear force of the extrusion to thepreferred direction. The inorganic fillers can also improve the fire andsmoke rating of the plastic foam material.

Example 4 Producing Orientated Cell Structure in a Foam ExtrusionProcess

Create and align oblate pores of an insulation with their short axes allalong the insulation application direction (i.e. the temperaturegradient direction) are difficult processing tasks. Previous twoexamples (1 and 2), by controlling the depressurization direction(s),provided design principles for a batch foaming process. It is morechallenging to accomplish orientated oblate cell structure in acontinuous foam extrusion process.

Gas nuclei created during homogeneous nucleation are generally sphericaland the pore geometry must be controlled during the bubble growth stage.In a batch foaming process, the bubble growth can be physicallyrestricted in the insulation application direction, while allowing thebubble grow freely in the other two directions normal to the restricteddirection. In a continuous foam extrusion process, the mostcost-effective production method, the exfoliated clay platelet moleculescan be relied upon to internally restrict bubble expansions (see FIG.5). In a foam extrusion process (of sheets and pipes), the insulationapplication direction is perpendicular to the machine direction as shownin FIG. 6. The shearing force at the die opening zone can then be usedto align exfoliated clay platelet molecules. The shear force alignsplatelet molecules along the machine direction, which in turn thenrestrict the bubble from expansion in the insulation applicationdirection. The detailed design of the die depends on the viscoelasticbehavior of the polymer-clay composite and the required die pressure fora specific blowing gas.

Example 5 Secondary Nanostructure within a Pore to Scatter Air Molecules

A common way to reduce the thermal conductivity of foam is to useheavier gases such as CFC, HCFC, and HFC. These gases have a largercollision cross section and thus a smaller mean free path. Somepolyurethane foam made with gases heavier than air could accomplishR-value similar to that of a super insulation. However, foams made withheavy gases will gradually lose their insulation value after these gasmolecules diffusing out. In addition, the concerns over their ozonedepleting hazards and extremely high global warming power had called fora complete ban of their uses in foaming process. The fourth component(d) of this invention is intended to apply a similar principle to reducethe thermal conductivity of air in the pore to further boost the foaminsulation value, yet without the concerns of losing its superiorproperty over time, or damaging the environment.

As in the use of heavier gases, more frequent collisions of airmolecules would reduce the mean free path and the thermal conductivityof air. The increase in insulation value due to pore size reduction wasalso resulted from more frequent collisions of air molecules with thebarrier walls. This invention includes a secondary (low-density, loose)nanostructure built within each air pocket to further increase thecollision frequency with air molecules and thereby reduce the thermalconductivity of the air in the pores. Since these secondary structuresdo not carry the extra burden of mechanically supporting the foamstructure, the secondary structures can be made with extremely lowdensities while containing a large surface area to effectively scatterincoming air molecules. The structure can be formed by, but not limitedto, the surfactant structure incorporated at the pore surface or anintertwining fractal structure within each pore.

The following example demonstrated the feasibility of this idea.Combining previous aerogel technology with styrene inverse emulsiontechnology, a secondary aerogel fractal structure was formed withinStyrofoam. There are two kinds of pores, micron size and nanometer size,within the structure. The micron size pores, created by emulsification,are filled with nanopore aerogels. A pair of SEM pictures is shown inFIG. 7 to reveal the microstructure. The scale bars are one micron forthe picture at left and ten microns for the picture at rightrespectively. The visible cavities are pores created by emulsification.The balls sitting in the cavity are silica aerogel providing thesecondary nanostructure. The thermal conductivity of this composite was˜20 mW/M˜° K, example of a super insulation. However, the composite wasmade by a supercritical drying process, not by a gas foaming processoutlined by this invention.

The addition of components (b), (c) and (d) expanded options of makingthe third generation of thermal insulation. Instead of focusing only onpore size reduction, other means of controlling pore morphology havebeen added to increase the thermal insulation value of embedded air,which is the defining statement of the third generation of thermalinsulation. Moreover, with this invention, in particular component (d),the mechanical and insulating properties of the foam composite can beindependently addressed and adjusted, making the production of a superinsulation by a gas blowing process substantially easier. Further, theimplementation of each option would respectively contribute toincremental improvement in insulation value towards the ultimate goal ofmaking super thermal insulation. These progressive advancements, insteadof a quantum leap, to the new generation of insulation product wouldcreate more commercialization opportunities on the road towards arevolutionary super insulation product.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art thatsuch embodiments are provided by way of example only. It is intendedthat the following claims define the scope of the invention and thatmethods and structures within the scope of these claims and theirequivalents be covered thereby.

1. An article comprising a material system with at least 95% porosity,wherein said porosity consists of nanopores comprising embedded inertgas and having a pore size no more than 1500 nanometers in its shortestdimension.
 2. An article according to claim 1, wherein said materialsystem comprises a polymer, reactive oligomer (or is derived from areactive oligomer), and/or monomer (or is derived from a reactivemonomer).
 3. An article according to claim 2, wherein said reactiveoligomer comprises an ethylenically unsaturated styrene, urethane, andmixtures thereof.
 4. An article according to claim 3, wherein said inertgas includes any of the known inert gases or combinations of the same,preferably the inert gas comprises CO₂ (inclusive of predominately CO₂and/or mixtures comprising CO₂).
 5. An article according to claim 1,wherein said nanopores are asymmetrical.
 6. An article according toclaim 5, wherein said nanopores are oblate or prolate.
 7. An articleaccording to claim 1, wherein said nanopores are oriented in a preferreddirection.
 8. An article according to claim 7, wherein said preferreddirection is nominally in-line with the shortest dimension of themajority of pores.
 9. An article according to claim 1, wherein saidnanopores comprise a secondary nanopore structure.
 10. An articleaccording to claim 1, wherein said article has a thermal insulationvalue greater than 7 R/inch.
 11. An article according to claim 1,wherein said article has a thermal insulation value greater than 10R/inch.
 12. An article according to claim 1, wherein said article has athermal conductivity less than 23 mW/M° K.
 13. An article according toclaim 1, wherein said article has a thermal conductivity less than 20mW/M° K.
 14. An article according to claim 1, wherein said article isused in products used for building insulation, refrigerator insulation,HVAC insulation, and specialty insulation products.
 15. An articleaccording to claim 14, wherein said specialty insulation productscomprise aviation, space vehicles and stations, and superconductingdevices and equipment. 16-44. (canceled)